Independence of the judiciary is key to guaranteeing the Rule of Law and individual rights. Rules must be designed and implemented regarding appointment process, security of tenure, disciplinary procedures, so as to avoid external and internal pressures on Judges and Prosecutors and the development of a politicized judiciary. However, in different parts of the world, the independence of judiciary is under attack, endangering the entire democratic edifice. In addition, in certain countries, corruption is another major problem regarding the independence of Justice. This course seeks to analyse the manner in which international courts, organisations and bodies of experts contribute to the defence of the independence of Justice, the Rule of Law and Human Rights.